This is the high time for the nursing profession to develop into specialities and super-specialisations. We need more nurses trained specifically to certain area of health care for improving the nursing care provided for the people.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF NURSING
MEDICINE AND NURSING PRACTISE
IN
EARLY CIVILISATION
IN
EARLY CIVILISATION
SUMERIAN
Location - West Asia > Mesopotamia Time3300
BCE to 100 CE DirectionVariable
A less common name for Sumer, the region of city-states in ancient Mesopotamia (Iraq). (Sumeria
is the normal term for Sumer in Spanish, Portuguese, and other languages of the
Iberian peninsula, also in Greek.)
The Sumerians were one of the earliest urban
societies to emerge in the world, in Southern Mesopotamia more than 5000 years
ago. They developed a writing system whose wedge-shaped strokes would influence
the style of scripts in the same geographical area for the next 3000 years.
Eventually, all of these diverse writing systems, which encompass both
logophonetic, consonantal alphabetic, and syllabic systems, became known as cuneiform.
There was no empire-wide set of gods; each
city-state had its own patrons, temples, and priest-kings. The Sumerians were
probably the first to write down their beliefs, which were the inspiration for
much of later Mesopotamian mythology, religion, and astrology. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page)
Mesopotamian diseases
are often blamed on pre-existing spirits: gods, ghosts, etc. However, each
spirit was held responsible for only one of what we would call a disease in any
one part of the body.
So usually "Hand
of God X" of the stomach corresponds to what we call a disease of the
stomach.
v WORSHIPED
EVIL SPIRITS AS GOD Presumably
specific offerings were made to a particular god or ghost when it was
considered to be a causative factor, but these offerings are not indicated in
the medical texts, and must have been found in other texts.
v HOT APPLICATION TECHNIQUE WAS FOLLOWED
v A number of
diseases simply were identified by names, "bennu" for example. Also,
it was recognized that various organs could simply malfunction, causing
illness.
v WROTE
PEESCRIPTION ON DAY TABLES
BABYLONIANS(IRAQ)
Babylonia was an
ancient Semitic nation state and cultural region based in central-southern
Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq). It emerged as an independent state in ca. 1894
BC, the city of Babylon being its capital. Babylonia became the major power in
the region after Hammurabi (fl. ca. 1792- 1752 BC middle chronology, or ca.
1696 – 1654 BC, short chronology) created an empire out of the territories
of the former Akkadian Empire.
v The
Babylonians introduced the concepts of diagnosis, prognosis, physical
examination, and prescriptions. In addition, the Diagnostic Handbook
introduced the methods of therapy and aetiology and the use of empiricism,
logic and rationality in diagnosis, prognosis and therapy.
v BELIVED
SUN & ANGER OF GOD CAUSED ILLNES
v SICK
WERE BROUGHT TO TEMPLES
v TEAM
APPROACH WAS TO TREAT THE SICK The
symptoms and diseases of a patient were treated through therapeutic means such
as bandages, creams and pills.
PERSIANS(IRIAN)
v BELONGS
TO “ZOARAS TRONUM”RELIGION
v BELIVED
IN “EVIL SPIRIT THEORY OF DISEASES”AVESTA
v DEAD
BODY WAS KEPT IN “SILENCE TOWER”
The Persian people are part of the
Iranian peoples who speak the modern Persian language and closely akin Iranian
dialects and languages. The origin of the ethnic Iranian/Persian peoples are
traced to the Ancient Iranian peoples, who were part of the ancient
Indo-Iranians and themselves part of the greater Indo-European ethnic group. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
Pre
Islamic period
The Iranian academic centers like Jundishapur
University (3rd century AD) were a breeding ground for the union among great
scientists from different civilizations.
Safavid
lacquer work illustrating a physician taking the pulse of a patient. From a
17th century copy of Avicenna's Canon of Medicine. Wellcome Library,
London.(wikipedia)
Medieval Islamic Period
In the 14th century, the Persian language medical work Tashrih al-badan (Anatomy of the body), by Mansur ibn Ilyas (c. 1390), contained comprehensive diagrams of the body's structural, nervous and circulatory systems.
Cranial surgery and mental health
Evidence
of surgery dates to the 3rd century BC, when the first cranial surgery was
performed in the Shahr-e-Sukhteh (Burnt City) in south-eastern Iran.
documents
give detailed and precise clinical information on the different types of
headaches.
Antiepileptic
drug therapy plan in Medieval Iranian medicine is individualized, given
different single and combined drug-therapy with a dosing schedule for each of
those.
Obstetrics and Gynecology
In
the 10th century work of Shahnama, Ferdowsi describes a Caesarean section
performed on Rudaba, during which a special wine agent was prepared by a
Zoroastrian priest and used as an anesthetic to produce unconsciousness for the
operation.
ANCIENT
EGYPT
v OLDEST
MEDICAL RECORD WAS WRITTEN ON “PAPYRUS PAPER”
v IMHOTEP-
ancient Egyptian official. meaning "the one who comes in peace, is with peace,
considered as the considered to be the first architect and engineer and
physician in early history
v BELIVED
LIFE AFTER DEATH
v PROHIBITED
DISECTION OF DEAD BODY
ANCIENT HEBREWS
v BIBLE
(OT)GIVES THE HISTORY OF HEBREWS
v ISOLATION
OF DISEASED PATIENTS
v HIGH
PRIEST VISITED HOUSES,HOSPITALS,INNS.,TO CURE SICK
ANCIENT AMERICANS
v MANY
CULTURES WERE THERE,MATAS,EUCAS,AZTECS WERE KNOWN
v PRIEST
WAS MEDICAL ADVISER & PHARMACIST
v PRACTISED
SWEATBAH & HUMAN SACRIFICE TO CURE SICK
INCAS
v TREPHING
RING “MAKING A HOLE IN THE SKULL TO CURE DISEASE”
v BELIEVED
DISEASE CAUSED DUE TO ANGER OF GOD
v SANDPAINTING
,PRAYERFUL SINGING,SWEET SMELL OF HERBS,EATEN HERBS TO CURE SICK
v HYDAOTHERAPHY(BRINGING
DOWN THE TEMPERATURE)
ANCIENT CHINA
v DOCTORS
PRACTISED MODERN METHODS
v VACCINE
“SEA WEED”_THYPOID,CHAUL MOOGRA OIL TO CURE LEPROSY
v EARLY
13000AD PHYSIOTHERAPY WAS PRACTISED
v HAD
HALLS NEAR TEMPLES FOR SICK,BELIEVED IN EVIL SPIRITS THAT PREVENTED NURSING $
MEDICINE PROGRESS
ANCIENT JAPAN
v FOLLOWED
THE CHINESE SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
v DEVELOPED
ACUPUNCTURE ,WHICH IS NOW PRACTISED ALL OVER THE WORLD
ANCIENT GREEK
v BELIEVED
MEDICINE ORIGIN WAS REPRESENTED BY GOD
v TEMPLES
WERE BUILT FOR WORSHIP$FOR TREATMENT OF SICK
v RESTRICTED
UNCLEAN PATIENT FROM TEMPLES
v BUILT
HOSPITALS IN 1070AD “EUROPAN HOSPITALS”
HISTORY OF NURSING IN INDIA
ANCIENT INDIA
Ayurveda adopted the physics of the "five
elements" (Devanāgarī: [महा] पञ्चभूत);
earth (Pṛthvī), water (Jala), fire (Agni), air (Vāyu) and space (Ākāśa) that
compose the universe, including the human body.
Ayurveda describes seven types of tissues
of the body, known as the saptadhātu (Devanāgarī: सप्तधातु). They
are plasma (rasa dhātu), blood (rakta dhātu), flesh (māṃsa
dhātu), adipose (medha dhātu), bone (asthi dhātu), marrow and
nervous (majja dhātu), and reproductive (semen or femalE reproductive
tissue) (śukra dhātu)
v “AYUR-VEDA”GIVES
EARLY INDIAN MEDICIAN RECORD
v SUSHURTA
& CHARAKA
v KING
ASOKA BUILT MONASTERIES $ HOUSES FOR TRAVELLERS $ HOSPITALS FOR
MEN$ANIMALS
v HYGIENIC
PRACTISE WAS DEVELOPED
Definition of nursing
VEDIC PERIOD
3000BC-1400BC
1. Physician
- Bhishak
2. Nurse -
Upacharika (Attendent - Anuraktha)
3. Therapeutic
drugs - Dravya
4. Patient
- Adhyaya
Characters of Upacharika (Nurse)
- Shuchi - Pure or clean in physical appearance and mental hygiene.
- Daksha - Competency
- Anuraktha - Willing to care
·
Buddhiman
- Co-ordinator with the patient and doctor / intelligent
CHARKA AND VAGBHATA
POST VEDIC PERIOD
600BC – 600 AD
ASOKA -272 – 236 BC
MUGHAL PERIOD – 1000AD
BRITISH PERIOD (16th century onwards)
-
1664 – The East India Company started a hospital
for soldiers in a house at Fort St.George, Madras.
The first sisters were sent from St Thomas' Hospital, London to this military hospital.
1797 -Lying-in-Hospital (maternity) for the poor
of Madras was built with the help of subscriptions by Dr. John Underwood.
1854 -The Government sanctioned a training
school for midwives in Madras.
1865- Miss Florence Nightingale drew up some
detailed "Suggestions on a system of nursing for hospitals in India".
1867-St Stephens Hospital at Delhi was the first
one to begin training the Indian girls as nurses
1871- First School of Nursing was started in
Government General Hospital, Madras with 6 months Diploma Midwives program with
four mid-wife students.
MILITARY
NURSING
1888 feb 21st , 10 fully qualified nurses arrived from Florence nightingale school In Bombay
1888 feb 21st , 10 fully qualified nurses arrived from Florence nightingale school In Bombay
1894 – A regular training system started.
1927 - Description of Indian male Nursing
services formed with 12 matrons , 18 sisters , 25 staff nurses .
SECOND WORLD WAR (1939- 1945)
1942 - Auxiliary nursing services
Basic training for 6 month in selected civil
hospital after passing examination at military hospitals in India .Auxiliary
nurse training given for 3000 women .
CIVILIAN NURSING
1854 – Training school for midwives in madras
Certificates of Diploma in midwifery for passed
student .
And
Sick nursing for failed students .
Missionary nursing
Girls were not allowed to work.
Pardha system.
Degrading and unworthy attitude of people.
Hindus were hold back due cast system.
Christian girls encouraged and trained first.
1865 – Miss Florence nightingale drew up some
detailed suggestions on a system of nursing .
1871 – First school of nursing at madras GOVT hospital
with 6 months midwifery program .
1888-93 five years various experts like doctors,
surgeons, nursing superintendent, pharmacists - draw up a curriculum for
training.
1897- Dr. B. C. Roy did great work in raising
the standards of nursing and that of male and female nurses.
1890 and 1900-Four lady Superintendents and four
trained nurses from England were posted to Madras.
1905 – Association of nursing
superintendents (Lucknow)
1907-10 North India united Board of Examiner
formed to maintain nursing administration and standards.
1928 - Hindi Text book for nurses
developed.
1907 -10 – North India united board of examiner
.
1908- The trained nurses association of India
was formed as it was felt necessary to uphold the dignity and honor of the
nursing profession.
.1909 - Inauguration of TNA
1910 – TNA conference at Banaras
-election of own members .
1918- Training schools were started for health
visitors and dais, at Delhi and Karachi. Two English nurses Miss Griffin and
Miss Graham were appointed to give training to and to supervise the nurses.
1922 – TNA and ANA amalgamated to form
TNAI
1925 – Midwives and auxiliary nurses association
1926- Madras State formed the first registration
council to provide basic standards in education and training.
1928 – First Hindi text book for nurses
published
1929-30 – Student Nurses Association formed .
1931- 39 –With the assistance from the
Rockfeller Foundations, seven health centers were set up between in the cities
of Delhi, Madras, Bangalore, Lucknow, Trivandrum, Pune and Calcutta.
1946 – Center GOVT granted an approval to the
Bhore committee.
Ø Bhore
committee suggested establishment of primary health units
Ø The
first four year basic Bachelor Degree program were established in college of nursing
in Delhi and Vellore.
1947 – India got independence .After the
independence, the community development programme and the expansion of hospital
service created a large demand for nurses, auxiliary nurse midwives, health
visitors, midwives, nursing tutors and nursing administrators.
Community development program and increased
demand of nursing professionals.
1947 December 31- The Indian Nursing Council was
passed by our ordinance.
1949 -The council was constituted .
1949- university education commission headed by
Dr S Radhakrishnan , recommended for raise in the level of nursing education .
1950 – 1970 (period of renaissance )
Considerable steps were taken to reform nursing
services .
INC made some important decisions
There should be only two standards of
training .
§ General
nursing and midwives
§ A
course for auxiliary nurse midwife .
1952 – PHC set up
1954 – Shetty committee
1956- Miss Adrenwala was appointed as the
Nursing Advisor to Government of India.
1959 – A memorandum by TNAI to the health survey
and planning committee about situation of nursing in the country .
1960- The first master’s degree course, a
two-year postgraduate program was begun at the RAK College of Nursing,
Delhi.
1962 –the national institute of family planning
was established
1963- the School of Nursing in Trivandrum,
instituted the first two years post certificate Bachelor Degree program.
1967 – A major strike by the nurses in Delhi
regarding issues related to safety and security.
1971- The nursing journal of India
1972 – Kartar Singh committee / multipurpose
health workers committee .
1973 – Report of kartar singh committee
submitted
Recommendations are
ANM
female health worker
Other
categories
male health worker
Lady health
visitor female health supervisor
1PHC / 5000 population
Each PHC = 16 sub centers
Each sub centers consists of female and male
health worker
TNAI developed strike policy
1975 – Shrivastava committee Recommendations on
medical education and curriculum.
1977 – rural health scheme
Recommended that the primary
health care should be given with in the community.
1983 – medical education review committee/ Mehta
committee dealt with lack of man power in health care field.
1981 – health for all by 2000 – report of
working group
1987 – High power committee appointed by
ministry of health and family welfare
Recommendations in various aspects of nursing
Ø Nursing
education
Ø Working
conditions
Ø Establishment
of national services
CAREER DEVELOPMENT
INNOVATION IN HEALTH CARE, EXPANDING HEALTH CARE
SYSTEM AND PRACTISE SETTING AND INCREASING NEEDS CLIENT HAVE BEEN A STIMULUS
FOR NEW NURSING ROLES. BECAUSE OF INCREASING EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES IT
OFFERS EXPANDED ROLES EX. NURSE ADMINISTRATOR, NURSE RESEARCHER, NURSE
PRACTITIONER ETC.
NURSES TOMORROW
IN FUTURE, NURSES WOULD BE FACING MORE AND MORE
CHALLENGES, AS EVOLUTION IN MEDICAL FIELD WILL DEMAND WIDER NURSING ROLE.
VARIOUS DOORS OF HEALTH CARE FIELD WILL BE OPENED FOR THE NURSES TO SHOW THEIR
TALENT AND EFFICIENCY, WITH HUMAN BASED APPROACH.
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT, TRENDS AND ISSUES IN THE FIELD OF CARDIOLOGY
Before 1900, very few people died of heart
disease. Since then, heart disease has become the number one killer. Change in
lifestyle , Diet, Machines, Manual labor was either replaced or assisted by
machinery,Automobiles, washing machines, elevators, and vacuum cleaners became
commonplace. Modern conveniences made physical activity unnecessary. Rate of
heart disease increased so sharply between the 1940 and 1967 that the World
Health Organisation called it the world's most serious epidemic.
The
20th century saw unparalleled increases in life expectancy and a major shift in
the causes of illness and death throughout the world. During this transition,
cardiovascular disease (CVD) became the most common cause of death worldwide. A
century ago, CVD accounted for less than 10 per-cent of all deaths. Today, it
accounts for approximately 30 percent of deaths worldwide including nearly 40
percent in high-income countries and about 28 percent in low- and middle-income
countries (braunwald).
MILESTONES IN CARDIOLOGY
384 BC – 322 BC- Aristotle – first description
of ductus arteriosus
1513 - Leonardo da Vinci
drawn detailed anatomy of heart
Early
1800s- Stethoscopes have undergone dramatic development
since Laennec first began using a hollow wooden cylinder in the
19th
century:- flexible, binaural stethoscopes were developed some
physicians felt the invention of the stethoscope weakened the physician's own
powers of diagnosis the stethoscope offered an immediate diagnosis at a minimal
cost and improvements on it continue to be made.
20th
century- Bloodletting
Began by Aelius Galen in to cure people of
"diseases from tumors to tonsillitis, caused by an 'imbalance' in the body
which could be stabilized by releasing blood."
doctors or laymen typically
used a lancet, or an instrument called a lbenswecker
Blood could be let from any part of the body but most commonly through the
veins called "venesection.“
patients sometimes bled to
extreme weakness or death
1628 William Harvey, an
English Physician, first describes blood circulation.
1706 Raymond de Vieussens, a
French anatomy professor, first describes the structure of the heart's
chambers and vessels.
1733 Stephen Hales, an
English clergyman and scientist, first measures blood pressure
1714-
Stephen Hales opened an artery of a horse, inserted a brass tube, and
measured the pressure of the blood.
This was a careful, scientific
experiment demonstrating that the heart exerts pressure in order to pump blood
however, the result of the experiment was the horse's death.
1801- The first cardiac surgery
was performed in Spain by Francisco Romero.
1816 - Rene T. H. Laennec, a French physician, invents the stethoscope.
1857 - Much
safer method for measuring blood pressure was provided by Marey's wrist
sphygmograph,
1882 -
Dudgeon's wrist sphygmograph was developed
Both were giant steps forward in the search for
convenient, simplified measurement of the patients blood pressure.
1901- Willem Einthoven, working in Leiden, the Netherlands,
used the string galvanometer to measure electrical
activity of heart.
1912 - James B. Herrick, an
American physician, first describes heart disease resulting from
hardening of the arteries.
1920 - The
first EKG machine was a bulky, table-sized apparatus.
development of the electrode.
hands and feet were placed in sodium chloride
baths as a means of conduction
1938 - Robert E. Gross, an
American surgeon, performs first heart surgery
1940s-
Started using metal disks with wire leads, were strapped to wrists and
ankles, for ECG monitoring.
1951 - Charles Hufnagel, an
American surgeon, develops a plastic valve to repair an aortic valve.
1952 F. John Lewis, an
American surgeon, performs first successful open heart surgery.
1953 - John H. Gibbon, an
American surgeon, first uses a mechanical heart and blood purifier.
1958 - Pace
maker Created by the Colombian engineer Jorge Reynolds,
The pacemaker began as a large device that
the patient had to carry outside of the body.1960s, testing on animals were
done
1958. -
first pacemaker operation was performed
Unfortunately the device only
functioned for three hours, but the patient survived and underwent several
pacemaker operations in the future, living to the age of 86.
Pacemakers have saved many
lives and changed the treatment for those with irregular or slow heartbeats
Now, pacemakers weigh less than one ounce and
most wearers can live normal lives.
1961 - J. R. Jude, an American
cardiologist, leads a team performing the first external cardiac massage
to restart a heart.
1964 - .Angioplasty
was initially described by the US interventional radiologist Charles Dotter
1965 - Michael DeBakey and
Adrian Kantrowitz, American surgeons, implant mechanical devices to help
a diseased heart.
1967 - Christian Barnard, a
South African surgeon, performs the first whole heart transplant from
one person to another. The first heart
bypass using the patient's very own leg veins occurred,
1982 - Willem DeVries, an
American surgeon, implants a permanent artificial heart, designed by
Robert Jarvik, an American physician, into a patient.
1994 -The first angioplasty balloon
2001 -Robotics allowed for
minimally invasive angioplasty surgeries
2007- human embryonic stem
cells were first used to successfully repair and regrow human heart tissues in
the lab.
TRENDS AND ISSUES IN THE FIELD OF
CARDIOLOGY
TRENDS
Cardiology is one of the primary focuses of
almost every large health care facility in the country
one of the biggest specialities in the
health care industry
so trends in cardiology facility design and
operations have big impacts in the practise of medicine
Technological Advances
Improvements in Scanning and Interventional
Cardiology:
cardiac cauterisation procedures have decreased
the need for open heart surgery.
radiological technologies, such as dual-source
CT
MRI imaging
Integrated Digital Technologies:
Electronic Medical Record (EMR) and
other digital data storage and transportation systems
doctors and nurses can access patients’ records
remotely and immediately, the speed and accuracy of diagnosis and treatment
have increased
hospital’s workflow can be improved even more.
These time-saving and error-reducing techniques have had and will continue to
have powerful and optimistic implications for
patient care
Consolidation of Systems:
combine multiple pieces of equipment into a
single system with a single monitor
improves the efficiency and safety of
procedures
Mobile Scanning:
use of mobile scanning devices to monitor and
screen for heart problems without making the patient go to a lab
reduces the need for patient
transportation
prevents risks that may result in patient
transportation
Is also available off- site
Robotic cardiac surgery
minimally invasive surgery
decreases post-operative pain and ensures faster
recovery, allowing the patient to quickly return to normal activities.
256-slice multi-detector CT Scan High Speed
X-ray Computer
Faster imaging time of just 0.27 seconds per
scanning rotation reduces radiation exposure by 30%
Autologous Adult Stem Cell Transplantation for
heart Failure Program
Regenerative medicine and cell therapy are
emerging clinical disciplines
sources for cell transplantation: human
embryonic and adult stem cells
Embryonic stem cells normally exist only in
preimplantation embryos (4–8 cell stage to blastocyst) and have the ability to
form all
the cells of the body.
Telecardiology in India
A country like India , owing to it’s vast
geographical spread and the enormous population, requires tremendous resources
and well trained medical personnel
The basic requirement for tele-cardiac
consultation is for a computer with a web camera, a modem and a standard
telephone connection at the remote site with ISDN (Integrated Services Digital
Network) or broadband capacity.
Facility Organisation
Changes in layout to solve problems in patient
care
For many cardiology patients, mobility is a huge
concern
Centralisation: putting all the
patients’ and doctors’ needs in one area.
Placing patients’ rooms, cardiac cath labs,
operation rooms, rehabilitation facilities, and doctors’ offices all near each
other to minimise travel time for patients, doctors, and other staff members
Saves time, both for patients and staff, as well
as improve patient care
Adaptability
Renovation can be one of the most expensive and
time consuming processes a hospital can go through
so adaptability of space through design can
ultimately save a hospital time and money.
Adaptability of rooms also makes space usage
more efficient, which can increase hospital revenue each room should be able to
support future needs with the necessary infrastructure.
Aesthetics
Pleasing, uncluttered environments make a
difference in hospitals, especially when it comes to cardiac care
Aesthetic improvements can play a big part in
patient care and produce a better work environment for practitioners.
Eg: natural light, water fall, use curves to
improve the experience of the spaces, large, open spaces and warm colours
It provides better patient care and higher
revenue
Mobile CCU
provides 24-hour standard and special CCU
ambulance services
Each ambulance is equipped with monitoring
devices and resuscitation equipment for immediate medical attention.
The hospital's Mobile CCU is always accompanied
by a cardiac medical team, reaching patients quickly and acting immediately,
helping to save many lives.
ISSUES IN THE FIELD OF CARDIOLOGY
INCREASING NUMBER OF PEOPLE AFFECTED:
The magnitude of cardiovascular disease
(CVD) and its toll are staggering. According to the WHO estimates, in 2003,
16.7 million people around the globe die of cardiovascular disease each year.
This is over 29 percent of all deaths globally. It is the single largest
killer. By 2020, CVD will become the leading cause of death.
Presently, 7 crore Indians suffer from heart
disease. 50 lakh people die of heart disease in India every year. 28%
people who die of heart disease in India are less than 65 years old.
COST OF TREATMENT:
The cost for the treatment of heart disease are
relatively high.
The cost of treating an ailing heart has more
than doubled in the last three years.
The average claimed amount in circulatory
ailments — diseases of the cardiovascular system — has increased by at least
Rs2 lakh, from Rs1,53,349 to Rs3,56, 505,according to the Insurance Information
Bureau (IIB).
the treatment charges for such diseases have
inflated by 132.47% since 2007,
while the overall hospitalisation costs have
shot up by 37.15%.
A bypass costs about Rs1.5 and Rs 2 lakhs in
case of one block and an angioplasty will cost about Rs1.5-2 lakh
DECREASED ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE FACILITIES
Heart disease is particularly endemic in India,
where a genetic trait renders Indians three times more vulnerable than
Americans or Europeans.
While the average age for heart attack is 65 in
London, it is 45years in India.
On average, there is one doctor for every 2000
people, 70 percent of them are in urban areas.
access to care is determined by the convenience
and affordability of travel.
Even when people get to a hospital, 50 percent
of people seeking cardiac care at a district hospital would die before they get
specialist help
Resuscitation and Life Support
Imagine you’re a doctor operating on a patient
whose life you could save. But if you do, they will spend their entirely
life completely immobilised, only able to move their eyes. Worse, they
would be in tremendous pain.
Fully conscious but unable to do anything
whatsoever.
All you would have to do to prevent this from
happening is slow down a little. If your operation took 2 hours instead
of 1 and a half, the patient would die. And no one would ever know.
HISTORY OF CARDIOTHORACIC NURSING
1.
1950s - The first
intensive care units (ICU) were developed in response to the need for special
areas in hospitals that could provide complex care for critically ill patients,
such as polio victims.
2.
1960s-
As a result of the specialised care, patient survival rates
improved dramatically, generating a call for additional units capable of caring
for seriously ill patients with heart disease.
The first coronary care unit
was founded at the Royal Infirmary in Edinburgh, Scotland, by Dr. Desmond G.
Julian to attempt to deal with heart attack, sudden cardiac arrest and heart
arrhythmia's.
He recommended all staff,
including nurses, be trained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
3.
1969- American
Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN)(is the world's largest speciality
nursing organisation.to help educate nurses working in newly developed
intensive care units. )
4.
1978- A survey in the
journal Circulation in indicated coronary care units had reduced
mortality from heart attack and sudden cardiac arrest by up to 20 percent in
the previous decade. As a result, cardiac care units and departments continued
to be added to larger hospitals, driving the need for more trained cardiac
nurses skilled in CPR, cardiac monitoring and the administration of cardiac
medicines.
5.
1982 The Society for
Peripheral Vascular Nursing (SPVN), founded in Boston
6.
1990- renamed the
Society for Vascular Nursing (SVN)
7.
1985- The American
Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation was founded with the
specific mission of reducing death or disability from cardiovascular and
pulmonary disease through education, prevention and treatment, with particular
emphasis on rehabilitation and disease management. The association provides
education and training for cardiac nurses and other heart care professionals,
as well as certification for cardiac rehabilitation facilities.
8. 1985-
The American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation
(AACVPR) is dedicated to our mission of reducing morbidity, mortality and
disability from cardiovascular and pulmonary disease through education,
prevention, rehabilitation, research and disease management.
9. 1992-
PCNA was originally founded as the Lipid Nurse Task Force (LNTF) by a small
group of California nurses who were concerned about the lack of educational
opportunities for nursing professionals specialising in lipid disorders.
10.
LNTF
was established shortly after an initial regional educational conference, and
quickly grew beyond its California borders to become an international
organisation comprised of nurses and other health care professionals from the
U.S. and several other countries.
11.
2001
MAY - The first Cardiac and Vascular Nurse examinations were administered by
the PCNA in conjunction with the ANCC. The PCNA continues to offer the
certification exams as well as continuing education courses online and live
seminars and training events
12.
2006
Jan - The British Journal of Cardiac Nursing is a monthly nursing
journal which publishes original research and clinical articles relevant to
the practise of cardiac nursing. Published by MA Health care Ltd
(UK).
13.
Some
famous cardiothoracic Journals
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